Everything about Neoliberalism In International Relations totally explained
In the study of
international relations,
neoliberalism refers to a school of thought which believes that nation-states are, or at least should be, concerned first and foremost with
absolute gains rather than
relative gains to other nation-states. The notion is often connected with
neoliberal economic theory.
Assumptions and predictions
Neoliberal international relations thinkers often employ
game theory to explain why states do or don't cooperate; since their approach tends to emphasize the possibility of mutual wins, they're interested in institutions which can arrange jointly profitable arrangements and compromises.
Neoliberalism is a response to
Neorealism; while not denying the
anarchic nature of the international system, neoliberals argue that its importance and effect has been exaggerated. The neoliberal argument is focused on the neorealists' underestimation of "the varieties of cooperative behavior possible within... a decentralized system." Both theories, however, consider the state and its interests as the central subject of analysis; Neoliberalism may have a wider conception of what those interests
are.
Neoliberalism argues that even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states, cooperation can emerge through the building of norms, regimes and institutions.
In terms of the scope of
international theory, the debate between
Neoliberalism and
Neorealism is an intra paradigm one, as both theories are positivist and focus mainly on the state system as the primary unit of analysis.
Development
Robert Keohane and
Joseph Nye are considered the founders of the neoliberal school of thought; Keohane's book
After Hegemony is a classic of the genre. Another major influence is the
hegemonic stability theory of
Stephen Krasner,
Charles P. Kindleberger, and others.
Contentions
Keohane and Nye
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, in response to neorealism, develop an opposing theory they dub "
Complex interdependence." Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye explain, “…complex interdependence sometime comes closer to reality than does realism.” In explaining this, Keohane and Nye cover the three assumptions in realist thought: First, states are coherent units and are the dominant actors in international relations; second, force is a usable and effective instrument of policy; and finally, the assumption that there's a
hierarchy in international politics.
The heart of Keohane and Nye’s argument is that in international politics there are, in fact, multiple channels that connect societies exceeding the conventional
Westphalian system of states. This manifests itself in many forms ranging from informal governmental ties to
multinational corporations and organizations. Here they define their terminology; interstate relations are those channels assumed by realists; transgovernmental relations occur when one relaxes the realist assumption that states act coherently as units;
transnational applies when one removes the assumption that states act coherently. It is through these channels that political exchange occurs, not through the limited interstate channel as championed by realists.
Secondly, Keohane and Nye argue that there's not, in fact, a hierarchy among issues, meaning that not only is the martial arm of foreign policy not the supreme tool by which to carry out a states agenda, but that there are a multitude of different agendas that come to the forefront. The line between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred in this case, as realistically there's no clear agenda in interstate relations.
Finally, the use of military force isn't exercised when complex interdependence prevails. The idea is developed that between countries in which a complex interdependence exists, the role of the military in resolving disputes is negated. However, Keohane and Nye go on to state that the role of the military is in fact important to that "alliance’s political and military relations with a rival bloc."
Lebow
Richard Ned Lebow states that the failure of neorealism lies in its “institutionalist” ontology, whereas the neorealist thinker
Kenneth Waltz states, “the creators [ofthe system] become the creatures of the market that their activity gave rise to.” This critical failure, according to Lebow, is due to the realists’ inability “to escape from the predicament of anarchy.” Or rather, the assumption that states don't adapt and will respond similarly to similar constraints and opportunities.
Mearsheimer
Norman Angell, a classical
London School of Economics liberal, had held: "We can't ensure the stability of the present system by the political or military preponderance of our nation or alliance by imposing its will on a rival."
Keohane and Lisa L. Martin expound upon these ideas in the mid 1990s as a response to
John J. Mearsheimer’s, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” where Mearsheimer purports that, “institutions can't get states to stop behaving as short-term power maximizers.” In fact Mearsheimer’s article is a direct response to the liberal-institutionalist movement created in response to neo-realism. The central idea in Keohane and Martin’s idea is that neo-realism insists that, “institutions have only marginal effects…[which] leaves it [neo-realism] without a plausible account of the investments that states have made in such international institutions as the
EU,
NATO,
GATT, and regional trading organizations.” This idea is in keeping with the notion of complex interdependence. Moreover, Keohane and Martin argue that the fact that international institutions are created in response to state interests, that the real empirical question is “knowing how to distinguish the effects of underlying conditions from those of the institutions themselves.”
Mearsheimer, however, is concerned with ‘inner-directed’ institutions, which he states, “seek to cause peace by influencing the behavior of the member states.” In doing so he dismisses Keohane and Martin’s NATO argument in favor of the example of the
European Community (EC) and the
International Energy Agency. According to Mearsheimer, the NATO argument is an alliance and is interested in “an outside state, or coalition of states, which the alliance aims to deter, coerce, or defeat in war.” Mearsheimer reasons that since NATO is an alliance it has special concerns and concedes this point to Keohane and Martin.
Mearsheimer attacks Martin’s research on the EC, particularly her argument on Argentine sanctions by Britain during the Falklands war, which were affected by Britain’s linking of issues in context of the EC. Mearsheimer purports that the United States was isn't a member of the EC and yet the US and Britain managed to cooperate on sanctions, effectively creating an ad hoc alliance which effected change in its member states.
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